What does 'class consciousness' refer to in Marxist theory?

In Marxist theory, 'class consciousness' refers to the awareness of shared interests and common goals within a particular social class, particularly among the working class. It emphasizes the realization that individuals in similar socioeconomic positions face common struggles and have collective interests that are often opposed to those of the ruling class or bourgeoisie. This awareness is crucial for mobilizing the working class to challenge the existing power structures and seek social and economic change. The development of class consciousness is seen as a key step towards achieving solidarity among workers, allowing them to recognize their exploitation and the necessity of collective action for social change.

The other options do not align with the concept of class consciousness. Beliefs in cultural superiority or learning gender roles do not pertain to class dynamics, and a sociological perspective on aging focuses on a different aspect of social study that is distinct from class struggles and awareness. Thus, the correct understanding of class consciousness is fundamentally about recognizing shared interests among class members.