Which sociologist argued that every society defines childhood differently?

The correct answer highlights the work of Archard, who emphasized that the concept of childhood is not universal but rather shaped by cultural, social, and historical contexts. Archard argues that societies construct their own definitions of childhood, which can vary significantly based on factors such as economic conditions, cultural values, and social norms. This perspective acknowledges that childhood is a social construct rather than a fixed biological stage, leading to diverse experiences and expectations of children across different societies.

In contrast, the theories presented by other sociologists focus on different aspects of childhood. For example, Aries is known for his historical analysis and argues that childhood as a distinct phase was not recognized until relatively recently in Western history, linking childhood to broader societal changes. Jenks builds on modernity's impact on childhood, suggesting that as society becomes more complex, parenting and childhood will also evolve, but he doesn't emphasize society's varying definitions as explicitly as Archard. Pollack studies the deceptive nature of children's behavior in historical perspectives but does not focus on the variations in definitions of childhood across societies like Archard does. Thus, Archard's viewpoint encapsulates the essence of the question about the differing definitions of childhood in various societies.